Heartsease

Viola arvensis field pansy Viola banksii Australian native violet, ivy-leaved violet Viola biflora yellow wood violet, twoflower violet Viola canina heath dog violet Viola cheiranthifolia Teide violet Viola corsica Corsican pansy Viola glabella stream violet Viola hederacea Australian native violet, ivy-leaved violet Viola hirta hairy violet Viola labradorica alpine violet

Viola odorata sweet violet Viola pedunculata yellow pansy Viola persicifolia fen violet Viola praemorsa canary violet Viola pubescens downy yellow violet Viola riviniana common dog violet Viola rostrata long-spurred violet Viola sororia common blue violet, hooded violet Viola tricolor wild pansy, heartsease

Viola tricolor, Also known as Johnny Jump up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy),heartsease, heart's ease, heart's delight, tickle-my-fancy, Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me, come-and-cuddle-me, three faces in a hood, or love-in-idleness, is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial. It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the cultivated pansy, and is therefore sometimes called wild pansy; before the cultivated pansies were developed, "pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form.

V. tricolor is a small plant of creeping and ramping^[1] habit, reaching at most 15 cm in height, with flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade. It flowers from April to September (in the northern hemisphere). The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white. They are hermaphroditeand self-fertile, pollinated by bees.

As its name implies,^{[citation needed]} heartsease has a long history of use in herbalism. It has been recommended, among other uses, for epilepsy, asthma, skin diseases and eczema.^[2] V. tricolorhas a history in folk medicine of helping respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms.^[3] It has expectorant properties, and so has been used in the treatment of chest complaints such as bronchitis and whooping cough.^{[medical citation needed]} It is also a diuretic,^[4]leading to its use in treating rheumatism and cystitis.^{[citation needed]}

The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes, while the leaves can be used to make a chemical indicator.^{[citation needed]}

Long before cultivated pansies were released into the trade in 1839, V. tricolor was associated with thought in the "language of flowers", often by its alternative name of pansy (from the French "pensée" - thought):^{[citation needed]} hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". What Shakespeare had in mind was V. tricolor, not a modern garden pansy.

Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to V. tricolor^[5] in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Oberon sends Puck to gather "a little western flower" that maidens call "love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fairvestal, throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love. The juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.